By E. Rozhov. University of West Alabama.

What is the developmental significance of mesenchyme and haversian canal: from Clopton Havers 20mg fludac with mastercard, English anatomist fludac 20mg sale, 1650–1702 how does it differ functionally from adult connective tissue? Briefly describe reticular fibers, fibroblasts, collagenous leukocyte: Gk. Histology © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition of the Body Companies, 2001 Chapter 4 Histology 99 Erythrocytes Centrifuged blood sample Leukocytes Thrombocytes (platelets) Paras FIGURE 4. These cells are usu- Muscle tissue is responsible for the movement of materials ally grouped together in flattened sheets, forming the muscular through the body, the movement of one part of the body with re- portion of a wall around a lumen. Fibers in the three kinds of muscle tissue are adapted to contract in response to stimuli. Cardiac Muscle Objective 10 Describe the structure, location, and function Cardiac muscle tissue makes up most of the wall of the heart. This tissue is characterized by bifurcating (branching) fibers, each with a single, centrally positioned nucleus, and by trans- Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to contract, and thus make versely positioned intercalated (in-ter′ka˘-la¯t-ed) discs. The muscle cells, or fibers, are elongated in lated discs help to hold adjacent cells together and transmit the the direction of contraction, and movement is accomplished force of contraction from cell to cell. Like skeletal muscle, car- through the shortening of the fibers in response to a stimulus. Cardiac muscle is further dis- muscle tissue in the body: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tis- cussed in chapter 16. Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Skeletal muscle tissue attaches to the skeleton and is responsible Smooth muscle tissue is common throughout the body, occurring for voluntary body movements. For example, in the wall of the GI tract fiber has distinct transverse striations. Fibers of this muscle tissue it provides the contractile force for the peristaltic movements in- are grouped into parallel fasciculi (bundles) that can be seen volved in the mechanical digestion of food. Both cardiac and skeletal also found in the walls of arteries, the walls of respiratory pas- muscle fibers cannot replicate once tissue formation has been sages, and in the urinary and reproductive ducts. Skeletal muscle tissue is further tion of smooth muscle is under autonomic (involuntary) nervous discussed in chapter 9. The three types of muscle tissue are sum- control, and is discussed in more detail in chapter 13.

Hyperflexion injuries are commonly associated A2 Splitting fracture Intraspinal fragments with acute disc herniation buy cheap fludac 20 mg. The flexion tear-drop frac- A3 Burstfracture ture is caused by severe flexion and axial loading fludac 20mg otc. An anterior inferior corner (Injury of body and dorsal facett-joints fracture of the vertebral body is typically present. Cord parts with distraction) Overhanging dorsal edge B1 dorsal, ligament tear Transversal fracture injury is commonly associated with flexion tear-drop B2 dorsal, osseous tear Fragments of dorsal body-rim fracture (Fig. The clay-shoveler’s and the simple (fracture) wedge compression fracture tend to be stable, whereas B3 ventral tear trough disk the bilateral interfacetal dislocation and tear-drop frac- Typ C injury Lateralisation of body ture are unstable. Torsions injury Pedicle asymmetry When a significant rotational component accompanies (injury of body and dorsal Dislocation of spin. The vertebral body of the dislocated vertebra is an- C2 Type B-injury with rotation Fracture of dorsal ribs teriorly displaced. Widening of the interspinous process C3 Rotation and shearing Unilaterale fracture distance is present and the articulating facets are no Exarticulation longer in opposition (Figs. Traumas of the Axial Skeleton 115 Most commonly, this fracture occurs in frontal car acci- dents in which the driver and (or) passenger next to the driver did not use their seat belts (Fig. When the C2- C3 disc ruptures with extension, anterior subluxation of a b Fig. Bilateral facet-joint dis- location with anterior subluxa- tion of C5 on C6 Fig. Axial CT section showing left-sided facet joint fracture- dislocation a Hyperextension Injuries Extension injury of the cervical spine results in posterior angulation or translation of the injured vertebral segment in the sagittal plane.

For instance generic 20mg fludac fast delivery, a doubling of portal insulin concen- strate for the brain discount fludac 20 mg line. Most amino acids can contribute to the tration completely shuts down hepatic glucose production. Insulin tends to lower blood glucose gluconeogenesis is not the liver enzymes but the availabil- by stimulating glycogenesis and suppressing glycogenoly- ity of substrates. Glucagon, in contrast, stimulates nephrine and glucagon but greatly suppressed by insulin. Although one might expect patients with liver disease to have difficulty The Liver Plays an Important Role regulating blood glucose, this is usually not the case be- cause of the relatively large reserve of hepatic function. Some patients with advanced liver disease develop lipid and protein) from the plasma. Lipid is circulated in the portal hypertension, which induces the formation of por- plasma as lipoproteins because lipid and water are not mis- tosystemic shunting, resulting in elevated arterial blood levels of insulin and glucagon. Monosaccharides are first phosphorylated by a reaction catalyzed by the en- zyme hexokinase. In the liver (but not in the muscle), there is a specific enzyme (glucokinase) for the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate. Depending on the energy requirement, the glucose 6-phosphate is channeled to glycogen synthesis or used for energy production by the - glycolytic pathway. Fructose is taken up by the liver and phosphorylated by fructokinase to form fructose 1-phosphate. This molecule is either isomerized to form glucose 6-phosphate or metabo- lized by the glycolytic pathway. Fructose 1-phosphate is used by the glycolytic pathway more efficiently than glu- cose 6-phosphate. Galactose is an important sugar used not only to provide energy but also in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids. When galactose is taken up by the liver, it is phosphorylated to form galactose 1-phosphate, which then reacts with uridine diphosphate-glucose, or UDP-glucose, to form UDP-galactose and glucose 1-phosphate. The UDP-galactose can be used for glycoprotein and glycolipid biosynthesis or converted to UDP-glucose, which can then be recycled.

After William Harvey buy fludac 20mg visa, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals cheap fludac 20 mg line, 1628. It is amazing how much anatomical information you can acquire by examining the surface anatomy of your own body. Surface anatomy is the study of the structure and markings of the sur- The effectiveness of observation and palpation in studying face of the body through visual inspection or palpation. Surface a person’s surface anatomy is related to the amount of subcuta- features can be readily identified through visual inspection, and neous adipose tissue present (fig. In examining an obese anatomical features beneath the skin can be located by palpation person, it may be extremely difficult to observe or palpate certain (feeling with firm pressure or perceiving by the sense of touch). Knowledge of surface anatomy is clinically important in locat- The hypodermis of females is normally thicker than that of males ing precise sites for percussion (tapping sharply to detect res- (fig. This tends to smooth the surface contours of females onating vibrations) and auscultation (listening to sounds emitted and obscure the muscles, veins, and bony prominences that are from organs). With the exception of certain cranial bones, the bones of This chapter will be of great value in reviewing the bones, the entire skeleton can be palpated. Once the position, shape, articulations, and muscles you have already studied. In the pho- and processes of these bones are identified, these skeletal features tographs of dissected cadavers, you will be able to see the relation- can serve as landmarks for locating other anatomical structures. Refer back to this chapter as you study the anatomy of are clearly visible as they are contracted and caused to move. Reviewing in this way will broaden The location and range of movement of the joints of the body your perspective in locating various organs and structures.

Ulcers may not can minimize the sickling of red blood heal and may become infected cheap 20mg fludac mastercard, necessi- cells and decrease the blood viscosity order fludac 20mg with visa. The Conditions Affecting the Blood or Immune System 243 anemia associated with this condition to maintain a “normal” life and minimize sometimes necessitates transfusion thera- their difference from peers (Atkin & py. Adherence to prophylac- hydroxyurea, has recently been tested for tic measures may be especially difficult use in the treatment of sickle cell anemia and require significant support (While & and has been found to prevent sickling of Mullen, 2004). Other therapies, of children with sickle cell disease may including the use of antisickling agents experience guilt or fear of the loss of their and bone marrow transplantation, may child. At the same time, the experience sickle cell crisis often require child may learn manipulative behaviors to hospitalization. These maladaptive means ment focuses on restoring fluids if dehy- of coping may persist throughout life, cre- dration has occurred, and relieving the ating a greater barrier than the condition pain associated with the crisis, which itself. Although fection, has precipitated the crisis, some of the factors that provoke a sickle treatment of that condition may also be cell crisis may be identifiable, crises are instituted. Organ damage as a result of often unpredictable and beyond individ- sickle cell disease is treated in a similar uals’ control. Not only are the crises pain- fashion to chronic organ disease from oth- ful and debilitating, but there is also the er causes. The lack of control over the tive care, and health maintenance have frequency or severity of sickle cell crises been shown to increase the life expectan- can lead to feelings of hopelessness and cy of individuals with sickle cell disease. Care should be taken to avoid any factors Individuals with sickle cell disease can that precipitate a sickle cell crisis. In most instances, individuals with sickle cell disease do not need to alter Like hemophilia, sickle cell disease usu- activities, unless activities appear to pro- ally manifests itself in childhood, neces- voke a sickle cell crisis. Most activities, if sitating medical attention and, possibly, performed in moderation, can be tolerat- frequent hospitalizations, which can dis- ed.