By U. Kalesch. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Silverman D cheap cystone 60caps amex, Small G cheap cystone 60caps online, Chang C, Lu C, Cummings Incorporation of SPECT imaging in a cognitive re- JL, Phelps M. Science 1993; lates of poor outcome in severe closed head injury: 261:493–495. Fontaine A, Azouvi P, Remy P, Bussel B, Samson tential obtained by transcranial magnetic stimulation Y. Functional anatomy of neuropsychological on motor function recovery in patients with acute deficits after severe traumatic brain injury. Longitudinal study of central motor conduction Haring H-P, Ulmer H, Felber S, Golaszewski S, time following stroke: 2. Prediction of recovery from post-vege- measured within 73 h after stroke as a predictor of tative state with cerebral magnetic resonance imag- functional outcome at 12 months. Magnetic brain stimulation: A tool to ex- Aerts J, Luxen A, Franck G, Maquet P. Impaired ef- plore the action of the motor cortex on single hu- fective cortical connectivity in vegetative state: Pre- man spinal motoneurones. Schiff N, Ribary U, Moreno DR, Beattie B, Krone- Rascol O, Celsis P, Chollet F. Residual cerebral ac- the effects of passive training on sensorimotor cor- tivity and behavioural fragments can remain in the tical representation: A study with functional MRI in persistently vegetative brain. Nelles G, Spiekramann G, Jueptner M, Leonhardt volvement of the premotor cortex in motor recovery G, Diener H. Karni A, Meyer G, Jezzard P, Adams M, Turner R, mographic activation study. Reorganization of The acquisition of skilled motor performance: Fast motor output in the non-affected hemisphere after and slow experience-driven changes in primary mo- stroke. Small SL, Hlustik P, Noll D, Genovese C, Solodkin stantine R, DeLaPaz R. Cerebellar hemisphere activation ipsilateral to vation during recovery from corticospinal tract in- the paretic hand correlates with functional recovery farction.

Adifferentialeffectofthesuralvolleyonthe rones) trusted cystone 60 caps, and EPSPs in large motoneurones with a responses evoked by magnetic and electrical stimu- low input resistance (type F motoneurones) (R order cystone 60caps without prescription. Conclusions First dorsal interosseous (FDI) conditioned by electrical stimuli Measurements of afferent and efferent conduction timesandofthecentraldelayofthelateexcitationare Differentialeffectsoflow-thresholdcutaneousaffer- compatible with a transcortical pathway. Observa- ents on low- and high-threshold motor units of tions in patients have shown that the late excitation human subjects were first shown by J. Stephens requires transmission of afferent impulses through and colleagues in the FDI, using long trains of the dorsal columns, a relay in the sensorimotor non-painful cutaneous stimuli delivered through Non-noxious cutaneomuscular reflexes 425 ring electrodes to the digital nerves of the index motoneurones and excitation in the PSTHs of finger. The stimulation had opposite effects on late-recruited motoneurones of tibialis anterior motor units recruited at small and large contraction (Fig. Cuta- late-recruitedmotoneurones,unconditionedtibialis neous stimulation raised the recruitment thresh- anteriorHreflexesofsmallamplitudewereinhibited old of units normally recruited at low contrac- by sural stimulation, whereas those of large ampli- tion strengths and reduced the threshold of units tude were facilitated (Fig. Thisresultwasconfirmed by showing that the mean interval between sin- Nielsen&Kagamihara(1993)alsodemonstratedthat gle motor unit spikes in low-threshold units was suralnervestimulation,thatwasadjustedtohaveno increased by a similar stimulation, while it was effect by itself, significantly increased the amount reduced in high-threshold units (Fig. Cutaneous afferents from tibialis anterior H reflex produced by femoral stimu- the index finger can therefore shift the weighting of lation. However, the sural stimulation did not affect synaptic input associated with a voluntary contrac- the peak of monosynaptic Ia excitation produced by tion to favour the recruitment of the more powerful femoral stimulation in the PSTHs of single motor fast-twitch units in FDI. Thus, this represents a good example (actually the only one yet described) where FDI conditioned by natural stimuli the increased monosynaptic reflex facilitation could not be attributed to depression of presynaptic inhi- The results of Stephens and colleagues were con- bition of Ia terminals mediating the femoral volley. A firmed and extended by Kanda & Desmedt (1983), change in the heteronymous monosynaptic Ia exci- using natural cutaneous stimulation, and this is of tation of the H reflex without a parallel change in the greater functional relevance. The findings are illus- monosynaptic Ia excitation of individual motoneu- tratedinFig.

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